BIOMASS

An important source of renewable energy!

Biomass includes a wide range of materials, including energy crops such as switch grass and micanthus, agricultural sources such as corn husks, wood pellets, lumbering and timbering wastes, yard wastes, construction and demolition waste, and bio solids (treated sewage sludge). Gasification helps recover the energy locked in these materials. Gasification can convert biomass into electricity and products, such as ethanol, methanol, fuels, fertilizers, and chemicals.

Biomass gasification plants differ in several aspects from the large-scale gasification processes typically used in our major industrial facilities such as power plants, refineries, and chemical plants.

Feedstock

Biomass usually contains a high percentage of moisture (along with carbohydrates and sugars). The presence of high levels of moisture in the biomass reduces the temperature inside the gasifier, which then reduces the efficiency of the gasifier. Therefore, many biomass gasification technologies require that the biomass be dried to reduce the moisture content prior to feeding into the gasifier.

Biomass can come in a range of sizes. In many biomass gasification systems, the biomass must be processed to a uniform size or shape to feed into the gasifier at a consistent rate and to ensure that as much of the biomass is gasified as possible.

Air-blown Gasification

Most biomass gasification systems use air instead of oxygen for the gasification reactions (which is typically used in large-scale industrial and power gasification plants). Gasifiers that use oxygen require an air separation unit to provide the gaseous/liquid oxygen; this is usually not cost-effective at the smaller scales used in biomass gasification plants. Air-blown gasifiers use the oxygen in the air for the gasification reactions.
Scale of plants

In general, biomass gasification plants are much smaller than the typical coal or petroleum coke gasification plants used in the power, chemical, fertilizer and refining industries. As such, they are less expensive to build and have a smaller facility “footprint”. While a large industrial gasification plant may take up 150 acres of land and process 2,500-15,000 tons per day of feedstock (such as coal or petroleum coke), the smaller biomass plants typically process 25-200 tons of feedstock per day and take up less than 10 acres.

Biomass to Ethanol and Liquid Fuels

Currently, most ethanol in the U.S is produced from the fermentation of corn. Vast amounts of corn (and land, water and fertilizer) are needed to produce the ethanol. As more corn is being used, there is an increasing concern about less corn being available for food. Gasifying biomass, such as corn stalks, husks, and cobs, and other agricultural waste products to produce ethanol and synthetic fuels such as diesel and jet fuel can help break this energy-food competition.

Biomass, such as wood pellets, yard and crop wastes, and “energy crops” such as switch grass and waste from pulp and paper mills can be used to produce ethanol and synthetic diesel. The biomass is first gasified to produce the synthetic gas (syngas), and then converted via catalytic processes to these downstream products.

Biomass to Power

Biomass can be used to produce electricity—either blended with traditional feedstocks, such as coal or by itself. Nuon’s IGCC plant in Buggenum, Netherlands blends about 30% biomass (chipped wood) with coal in their gasification process to produce power.
Cutting Costs, Increasing Energy

Each year, municipalities spend millions of dollars collecting and disposing of wastes, such as yard wastes (grass clippings and leaves) and construction and demolition debris. While some municipalities compost yard wastes, this takes a separate collection by a city—an expense many cities just can’t afford.

Yard waste and the construction and demolition debris can take up valuable landfill space—shortening the life of a landfill. Many cities in the northeast face a shortage of landfill space. With gasification, this material is no longer a waste, but a feedstock for a biomass gasifier. And, instead of paying to dispose of and manage a waste for years in a landfill, using it as a feedstock reduces disposal costs and landfill space, and converts those wastes to power and fuels.

Benefits of Biomass Gasification

• Converting what would otherwise be a waste product into high value products

• Reduced need for landfill space for disposal of solid wastes

• Decreased methane emissions from landfills

• Reduced risk of groundwater contamination from landfills

• Production of ethanol from non-food sources

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